leveled/src/leveled_penciller.erl

%% -------- PENCILLER ---------
%%
%% The penciller is responsible for writing and re-writing the ledger - a
%% persisted, ordered view of non-recent Keys and Metadata which have been
%% added to the store.
%% - The penciller maintains a manifest of all the files within the current
%% Ledger. 
%% - The Penciller provides re-write (compaction) work up to be managed by
%% the Penciller's Clerk
%% - The Penciller can be cloned and maintains a register of clones who have
%% requested snapshots of the Ledger
%% - The accepts new dumps (in the form of a leveled_tree accomponied by
%% an array of hash-listing binaries) from the Bookie, and responds either 'ok'
%% to the bookie if the information is accepted nad the Bookie can refresh its
%% memory, or 'returned' if the bookie must continue without refreshing as the
%% Penciller is not currently able to accept the update (potentially due to a
%% backlog of compaction work)
%% - The Penciller's persistence of the ledger may not be reliable, in that it
%% may lose data but only in sequence from a particular sequence number.  On
%% startup the Penciller will inform the Bookie of the highest sequence number
%% it has, and the Bookie should load any missing data from that point out of
%% the journal.
%%
%% -------- LEDGER ---------
%%
%% The Ledger is divided into many levels
%% - L0: New keys are received from the Bookie and and kept in the levelzero
%% cache, until that cache is the size of a SST file, and it is then persisted
%% as a SST file at this level.  L0 SST files can be larger than the normal 
%% maximum size - so we don't have to consider problems of either having more
%% than one L0 file (and handling what happens on a crash between writing the
%% files when the second may have overlapping sequence numbers), or having a
%% remainder with overlapping in sequence numbers in memory after the file is
%% written.   Once the persistence is completed, the L0 cache can be erased.
%% There can be only one SST file at Level 0, so the work to merge that file
%% to the lower level must be the highest priority, as otherwise writes to the
%% ledger will stall, when there is next a need to persist.
%% - L1 TO L7: May contain multiple processes managing non-overlapping SST
%% files.  Compaction work should be sheduled if the number of files exceeds
%% the target size of the level, where the target size is 8 ^ n.
%%
%% The most recent revision of a Key can be found by checking each level until
%% the key is found.  To check a level the correct file must be sought from the
%% manifest for that level, and then a call is made to that file.  If the Key
%% is not present then every level should be checked.
%%
%% If a compaction change takes the size of a level beyond the target size,
%% then compaction work for that level + 1 should be added to the compaction
%% work queue.
%% Compaction work is fetched by the Penciller's Clerk because:
%% - it has timed out due to a period of inactivity
%% - it has been triggered by the a cast to indicate the arrival of high
%% priority compaction work
%% The Penciller's Clerk (which performs compaction worker) will always call
%% the Penciller to find out the highest priority work currently required
%% whenever it has either completed work, or a timeout has occurred since it
%% was informed there was no work to do.
%%
%% When the clerk picks work it will take the current manifest, and the
%% Penciller assumes the manifest sequence number is to be incremented.
%% When the clerk has completed the work it can request that the manifest
%% change be committed by the Penciller.  The commit is made through changing
%% the filename of the new manifest - so the Penciller is not held up by the
%% process of wiritng a file, just altering file system metadata.
%%
%% ---------- PUSH ----------
%%
%% The Penciller must support the PUSH of a dump of keys from the Bookie.  The
%% call to PUSH should be immediately acknowledged, and then work should be
%% completed to merge the cache update into the L0 cache.
%%
%% The Penciller MUST NOT accept a new PUSH if the Clerk has commenced the
%% conversion of the current L0 cache into a SST file, but not completed this
%% change.  The Penciller in this case returns the push, and the Bookie should
%% continue to grow the cache before trying again.
%%
%% ---------- FETCH ----------
%%
%% On request to fetch a key the Penciller should look first in the in-memory
%% L0 tree, then look in the SST files Level by Level (including level 0),
%% consulting the Manifest to determine which file should be checked at each
%% level.
%%
%% ---------- SNAPSHOT ----------
%%
%% Iterators may request a snapshot of the database.  A snapshot is a cloned
%% Penciller seeded not from disk, but by the in-memory L0 gb_tree and the
%% in-memory manifest, allowing for direct reference for the SST file processes.
%%
%% Clones formed to support snapshots are registered by the Penciller, so that
%% SST files valid at the point of the snapshot until either the iterator is
%% completed or has timed out.
%%
%% ---------- ON STARTUP ----------
%%
%% On Startup the Bookie with ask the Penciller to initiate the Ledger first.
%% To initiate the Ledger the must consult the manifest, and then start a SST
%% management process for each file in the manifest.
%%
%% The penciller should then try and read any Level 0 file which has the
%% manifest sequence number one higher than the last store in the manifest.
%%
%% The Bookie will ask the Inker for any Keys seen beyond that sequence number
%% before the startup of the overall store can be completed.
%%
%% ---------- ON SHUTDOWN ----------
%%
%% On a controlled shutdown the Penciller should attempt to write any in-memory
%% ETS table to a L0 SST file, assuming one is nto already pending.  If one is
%% already pending then the Penciller will not persist this part of the Ledger.
%%
%% ---------- FOLDER STRUCTURE ----------
%%
%% The following folders are used by the Penciller
%% $ROOT/ledger/ledger_manifest/ - used for keeping manifest files
%% $ROOT/ledger/ledger_files/ - containing individual SST files
%%
%% In larger stores there could be a large number of files in the ledger_file
%% folder - perhaps o(1000).  It is assumed that modern file systems should
%% handle this efficiently.
%%
%% ---------- COMPACTION & MANIFEST UPDATES ----------
%%
%% The Penciller can have one and only one Clerk for performing compaction
%% work.  When the Clerk has requested and taken work, it should perform the
%5 compaction work starting the new SST process to manage the new Ledger state
%% and then write a new manifest file that represents that state with using
%% the next Manifest sequence number as the filename:
%% - nonzero_<ManifestSQN#>.pnd
%% 
%% The Penciller on accepting the change should rename the manifest file to -
%% - nonzero_<ManifestSQN#>.crr
%%
%% On startup, the Penciller should look for the nonzero_*.crr file with the
%% highest such manifest sequence number.  This will be started as the
%% manifest, together with any _0_0.sst file found at that Manifest SQN.
%% Level zero files are not kept in the persisted manifest, and adding a L0
%% file does not advanced the Manifest SQN.
%%
%% The pace at which the store can accept updates will be dependent on the
%% speed at which the Penciller's Clerk can merge files at lower levels plus
%% the time it takes to merge from Level 0.  As if a clerk has commenced
%% compaction work at a lower level and then immediately a L0 SST file is
%% written the Penciller will need to wait for this compaction work to
%% complete and the L0 file to be compacted before the ETS table can be
%% allowed to again reach capacity
%%
%% The writing of L0 files do not require the involvement of the clerk.
%% The L0 files are prompted directly by the penciller when the in-memory tree
%% has reached capacity.  This places the penciller in a levelzero_pending
%% state, and in this state it must return new pushes.  Once the SST file has
%% been completed it will confirm completion to the penciller which can then
%% revert the levelzero_pending state, add the file to the manifest and clear
%% the current level zero in-memory view.
%%


-module(leveled_penciller).

-behaviour(gen_server).

-include("include/leveled.hrl").

-export([
        init/1,
        handle_call/3,
        handle_cast/2,
        handle_info/2,
        terminate/2,
        code_change/3,
        format_status/2]).

-export([
        pcl_snapstart/1,
        pcl_start/1,
        pcl_pushmem/2,
        pcl_fetchlevelzero/3,
        pcl_fetch/4,
        pcl_fetchkeys/5,
        pcl_fetchkeys/6,
        pcl_fetchkeysbysegment/8,
        pcl_fetchnextkey/5,
        pcl_checksequencenumber/3,
        pcl_workforclerk/1,
        pcl_manifestchange/2,
        pcl_confirml0complete/5,
        pcl_confirmdelete/3,
        pcl_close/1,
        pcl_doom/1,
        pcl_releasesnapshot/2,
        pcl_registersnapshot/5,
        pcl_getstartupsequencenumber/1,
        pcl_checkbloomtest/2,
        pcl_checkforwork/1,
        pcl_persistedsqn/1,
        pcl_loglevel/2,
        pcl_addlogs/2,
        pcl_removelogs/2]).

-export([
        sst_rootpath/1,
        sst_filename/3]).

-export([
        clean_testdir/1]).

-include_lib("eunit/include/eunit.hrl").

-define(MAX_WORK_WAIT, 300).
-define(MANIFEST_FP, "ledger_manifest").
-define(FILES_FP, "ledger_files").
-define(CURRENT_FILEX, "crr").
-define(PENDING_FILEX, "pnd").
-define(SST_FILEX, ".sst").
-define(ARCHIVE_FILEX, ".bak").
-define(SUPER_MAX_TABLE_SIZE, 40000).
-define(PROMPT_WAIT_ONL0, 5).
-define(WORKQUEUE_BACKLOG_TOLERANCE, 4).
-define(COIN_SIDECOUNT, 4).
-define(SLOW_FETCH, 500000). % Log a very slow fetch - longer than 500ms
-define(ITERATOR_SCANWIDTH, 4).
-define(TIMING_SAMPLECOUNTDOWN, 10000).
-define(TIMING_SAMPLESIZE, 100).
-define(OPEN_LASTMOD_RANGE, {0, infinity}).

-record(state, {manifest ::
                    leveled_pmanifest:manifest() | undefined | redacted,
                query_manifest :: 
                    {list(),
                        leveled_codec:ledger_key(),
                        leveled_codec:ledger_key()} | undefined,
                    % Slimmed down version of the manifest containing part
                    % related to  specific query, and the StartKey/EndKey
                    % used to extract this part

                persisted_sqn = 0 :: integer(), % The highest SQN persisted
                
                ledger_sqn = 0 :: integer(), % The highest SQN added to L0
                root_path = "test" :: string(),
                
                clerk :: pid() | undefined,
                
                levelzero_pending = false :: boolean(),
                levelzero_constructor :: pid() | undefined,
                levelzero_cache = [] :: levelzero_cache() | redacted,
                levelzero_size = 0 :: integer(),
                levelzero_maxcachesize :: integer() | undefined,
                levelzero_cointoss = false :: boolean(),
                levelzero_index :: array:array() | undefined | redacted,
                
                is_snapshot = false :: boolean(),
                snapshot_fully_loaded = false :: boolean(),
                snapshot_time :: pos_integer() | undefined,
                source_penciller :: pid() | undefined,
		        bookie_monref :: reference() | undefined,
                levelzero_astree :: list() | undefined | redacted,
                
                work_ongoing = false :: boolean(), % i.e. compaction work
                work_backlog = false :: boolean(), % i.e. compaction work

                pending_removals = [] :: list(string()),
                maybe_release = false :: boolean(),
                
                timings = no_timing :: pcl_timings(),
                timings_countdown = 0 :: integer(),

                snaptimeout_short :: pos_integer()|undefined,
                snaptimeout_long :: pos_integer()|undefined,

                sst_options = #sst_options{} :: #sst_options{}}).

-record(pcl_timings, 
                    {sample_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        foundmem_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        found0_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        found1_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        found2_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        found3_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        foundlower_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        missed_time = 0 :: integer(),
                        foundmem_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        found0_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        found1_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        found2_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        found3_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        foundlower_count = 0 :: integer(),
                        missed_count = 0 :: integer()}).

-type penciller_options() :: #penciller_options{}.
-type bookies_memory() :: {tuple()|empty_cache,
                            % array:array()|empty_array,
                            any()|empty_array, % Issue of type compatability with OTP16
                            integer()|infinity,
                            integer()}.
-type pcl_state() :: #state{}.
-type pcl_timings() :: no_timing|#pcl_timings{}.
-type levelzero_cacheentry() :: {pos_integer(), leveled_tree:leveled_tree()}.
-type levelzero_cache() :: list(levelzero_cacheentry()).
-type iterator_entry() 
    :: {pos_integer(), 
        list(leveled_codec:ledger_kv()|leveled_sst:expandable_pointer())}.
-type iterator() :: list(iterator_entry()).
-type bad_ledgerkey() :: list().
-type sqn_check() :: current|replaced|missing.
-type sst_fetchfun() ::
        fun((pid(),
                leveled_codec:ledger_key(),
                leveled_codec:segment_hash(),
                non_neg_integer()) -> 
                    leveled_codec:ledger_kv()|not_present).
-type levelzero_returnfun() :: fun((levelzero_cacheentry()) -> ok).
-type pclacc_fun() ::
        fun((leveled_codec:ledger_key(),
                leveled_codec:ledger_value(),
                any()) -> any()).


-export_type([levelzero_cacheentry/0, levelzero_returnfun/0, sqn_check/0]).

%%%============================================================================
%%% API
%%%============================================================================

-spec pcl_start(penciller_options()) -> {ok, pid()}.
%% @doc
%% Start a penciller using a penciller options record.  The start_snapshot
%% option should be used if this is to be a clone of an existing penciller,
%% otherwise the penciller will look in root path for a manifest and
%% associated sst files to start-up from a previous persisted state.
%%
%% When starting a clone a query can also be passed.  This prevents the whole
%% Level Zero memory space from being copied to the snapshot, instead the
%% query is run against the level zero space and just the query results are
%% copied into the clone.  
pcl_start(PCLopts) ->
    gen_server:start_link(?MODULE, [leveled_log:get_opts(), PCLopts], []).

-spec pcl_snapstart(penciller_options()) -> {ok, pid()}.
%% @doc
%% Don't link to the bookie - this is a snpashot
pcl_snapstart(PCLopts) ->
    gen_server:start(?MODULE, [leveled_log:get_opts(), PCLopts], []).

-spec pcl_pushmem(pid(), bookies_memory()) -> ok|returned.
%% @doc
%% Load the contents of the Bookie's memory of recent additions to the Ledger
%% to the Ledger proper.
%%
%% The load is made up of a cache in the form of a leveled_skiplist tuple (or
%% the atom empty_cache if no cache is present), an index of entries in the
%% skiplist in the form of leveled_pmem index (or empty_index), the minimum
%% sequence number in the cache and the maximum sequence number.
%%
%% If the penciller does not have capacity for the pushed cache it will
%% respond with the atom 'returned'.  This is a signal to hold the memory
%% at the Bookie, and try again soon.  This normally only occurs when there
%% is a backlog of merges - so the bookie should backoff for longer each time.
pcl_pushmem(Pid, LedgerCache) ->
    %% Bookie to dump memory onto penciller
    gen_server:call(Pid, {push_mem, LedgerCache}, infinity).

-spec pcl_fetchlevelzero(pid(),
                            non_neg_integer(),
                            fun((levelzero_cacheentry()) -> ok))
                        -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Allows a single slot of the penciller's levelzero cache to be fetched.  The
%% levelzero cache can be up to 40K keys - sending this to the process that is
%% persisting this in a SST file in a single cast will lock the process for
%% 30-40ms.  This allows that process to fetch this slot by slot, so that
%% this is split into a series of smaller events.
%%
%% The return value will be a leveled_skiplist that forms that part of the
%% cache
pcl_fetchlevelzero(Pid, Slot, ReturnFun) ->
    % Timeout to cause crash of L0 file when it can't get the close signal
    % as it is deadlocked making this call.
    %
    % If the timeout gets hit outside of close scenario the Penciller will
    % be stuck in L0 pending
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {fetch_levelzero, Slot, ReturnFun}).

-spec pcl_fetch(pid(), leveled_codec:ledger_key()) 
                                    -> leveled_codec:ledger_kv()|not_present.
%% @doc
%% Fetch a key, return the first (highest SQN) occurrence of that Key along
%% with  the value.
%%
%% The Key needs to be hashable (i.e. have a tag which indicates that the key
%% can be looked up) - index entries are not hashable for example.
%%
%% If the hash is already known, call pcl_fetch/3 as segment_hash is a
%% relatively expensive hash function
pcl_fetch(Pid, Key) ->
    Hash = leveled_codec:segment_hash(Key),
    if
        Hash /= no_lookup ->
            gen_server:call(Pid, {fetch, Key, Hash, true}, infinity)
    end.

-spec pcl_fetch(pid(), 
                leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                leveled_codec:segment_hash(),
                boolean()) -> leveled_codec:ledger_kv()|not_present.
%% @doc
%% Fetch a key, return the first (highest SQN) occurrence of that Key along
%% with  the value.
%%
%% Hash should be result of leveled_codec:segment_hash(Key)
pcl_fetch(Pid, Key, Hash, UseL0Index) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid, {fetch, Key, Hash, UseL0Index}, infinity).

-spec pcl_fetchkeys(pid(), 
                    leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                    leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                    pclacc_fun(), any(), as_pcl|by_runner) -> any().
%% @doc
%% Run a range query between StartKey and EndKey (inclusive).  This will cover
%% all keys in the range - so must only be run against snapshots of the
%% penciller to avoid blocking behaviour.
%%
%% Comparison with the upper-end of the range (EndKey) is done using
%% leveled_codec:endkey_passed/2 - so use nulls within the tuple to manage
%% the top of the range.  Comparison with the start of the range is based on
%% Erlang term order.
pcl_fetchkeys(Pid, StartKey, EndKey, AccFun, InitAcc) ->
    pcl_fetchkeys(Pid, StartKey, EndKey, AccFun, InitAcc, as_pcl).

pcl_fetchkeys(Pid, StartKey, EndKey, AccFun, InitAcc, By) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid,
                    {fetch_keys, 
                        StartKey, EndKey, 
                        AccFun, InitAcc, 
                        false, false, -1,
                        By},
                    infinity).


-spec pcl_fetchkeysbysegment(pid(), 
                                leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                                leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                                pclacc_fun(), any(), 
                                leveled_codec:segment_list(),
                                false | leveled_codec:lastmod_range(),
                                boolean()) -> any().
%% @doc
%% Run a range query between StartKey and EndKey (inclusive).  This will cover
%% all keys in the range - so must only be run against snapshots of the
%% penciller to avoid blocking behaviour.  
%%
%% This version allows an additional input of a SegmentList.  This is a list 
%% of 16-bit integers representing the segment IDs  band ((2 ^ 16) -1) that
%% are interesting to the fetch
%%
%% Note that segment must be false unless the object Tag supports additional
%% indexing by segment.  This cannot be used on ?IDX_TAG and other tags that
%% use the no_lookup hash
pcl_fetchkeysbysegment(Pid, StartKey, EndKey, AccFun, InitAcc,
                                SegmentList, LastModRange, LimitByCount) ->
    {MaxKeys, InitAcc0} = 
        case LimitByCount of
            true ->
                % The passed in accumulator should have the Max Key Count
                % as the first element of a tuple with the actual accumulator
                InitAcc;
            false ->
                {-1, InitAcc}
        end,
    gen_server:call(Pid,
                    {fetch_keys, 
                        StartKey, EndKey, AccFun, InitAcc0, 
                        SegmentList, LastModRange, MaxKeys, 
                        by_runner},
                    infinity).

-spec pcl_fetchnextkey(pid(), 
                        leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                        leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                        pclacc_fun(), any()) -> any().
%% @doc
%% Run a range query between StartKey and EndKey (inclusive).  This has the
%% same constraints as pcl_fetchkeys/5, but will only return the first key
%% found in erlang term order.
pcl_fetchnextkey(Pid, StartKey, EndKey, AccFun, InitAcc) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid,
                    {fetch_keys, 
                        StartKey, EndKey, 
                        AccFun, InitAcc, 
                        false, false, 1,
                        as_pcl},
                    infinity).

-spec pcl_checksequencenumber(pid(), 
                                leveled_codec:ledger_key()|bad_ledgerkey(), 
                                integer()) -> sqn_check().
%% @doc
%% Check if the sequence number of the passed key is not replaced by a change
%% after the passed sequence number.  Will return:
%% - current
%% - replaced
%% - missing
pcl_checksequencenumber(Pid, Key, SQN) ->
    Hash = leveled_codec:segment_hash(Key),
    if
        Hash /= no_lookup ->
            gen_server:call(Pid, {check_sqn, Key, Hash, SQN}, infinity)
    end.

-spec pcl_workforclerk(pid()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% A request from the clerk to check for work.  If work is present the
%% Penciller will cast back to the clerk, no response is sent to this
%% request.
pcl_workforclerk(Pid) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, work_for_clerk).

-spec pcl_manifestchange(pid(), leveled_pmanifest:manifest()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Provide a manifest record (i.e. the output of the leveled_pmanifest module)
%% that is required to beocme the new manifest.
pcl_manifestchange(Pid, Manifest) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {manifest_change, Manifest}).

-spec pcl_confirml0complete(pid(), 
                            string(), 
                            leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                            leveled_codec:ledger_key(), 
                            binary()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Allows a SST writer that has written a L0 file to confirm that the file 
%% is now complete, so the filename and key ranges can be added to the 
%% manifest and the file can be used in place of the in-memory levelzero
%% cache.
pcl_confirml0complete(Pid, FN, StartKey, EndKey, Bloom) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {levelzero_complete, FN, StartKey, EndKey, Bloom}).

-spec pcl_confirmdelete(pid(), string(), pid()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Poll from a delete_pending file requesting a message if the file is now
%% ready for deletion (i.e. all snapshots which depend on the file have
%% finished)
pcl_confirmdelete(Pid, FileName, FilePid) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {confirm_delete, FileName, FilePid}).

-spec pcl_getstartupsequencenumber(pid()) -> integer().
%% @doc
%% At startup the penciller will get the largest sequence number that is 
%% within the persisted files.  This function allows for this sequence number
%% to be fetched - so that it can be used to determine parts of the Ledger
%% which  may have been lost in the last shutdown (so that the ledger can
%% be reloaded from that point in the Journal)
pcl_getstartupsequencenumber(Pid) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid, get_startup_sqn, infinity).

-spec pcl_registersnapshot(pid(),
                            pid(),
                            no_lookup|{tuple(), tuple()}|undefined,
                            bookies_memory(),
                            boolean())
                                -> {ok, pcl_state()}.
%% @doc
%% Register a snapshot of the penciller, returning a state record from the
%% penciller for the snapshot to use as its LoopData
pcl_registersnapshot(Pid, Snapshot, Query, BookiesMem, LR) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid,
                    {register_snapshot, Snapshot, Query, BookiesMem, LR},
                    infinity).

-spec pcl_releasesnapshot(pid(), pid()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Inform the primary penciller that a snapshot is finished, so that the 
%% penciller can allow deletes to proceed if appropriate.
pcl_releasesnapshot(Pid, Snapshot) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {release_snapshot, Snapshot}).


-spec pcl_persistedsqn(pid()) -> integer().
%% @doc
%% Return the persisted SQN, the highest SQN which has been persisted into the 
%% Ledger
pcl_persistedsqn(Pid) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid, persisted_sqn, infinity).

-spec pcl_close(pid()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Close the penciller neatly, trying to persist to disk anything in the memory
pcl_close(Pid) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid, close, 60000).

-spec pcl_doom(pid()) -> {ok, list()}.
%% @doc
%% Close the penciller neatly, trying to persist to disk anything in the memory
%% Return a list of filepaths from where files exist for this penciller (should
%% the calling process which to erase the store).
pcl_doom(Pid) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid, doom, 60000).

-spec pcl_checkbloomtest(pid(), tuple()) -> boolean().
%% @doc
%% Function specifically added to help testing.  In particular to make sure 
%% that blooms are still available after pencllers have been re-loaded from
%% disk.
pcl_checkbloomtest(Pid, Key) ->
    Hash = leveled_codec:segment_hash(Key),
    if
        Hash /= no_lookup ->
            gen_server:call(Pid, {checkbloom_fortest, Key, Hash}, 2000)
    end.

-spec pcl_checkforwork(pid()) -> boolean().
%% @doc
%% Used in test only to confim compaction work complete before closing
pcl_checkforwork(Pid) ->
    gen_server:call(Pid, check_for_work, 2000).

-spec pcl_loglevel(pid(), leveled_log:log_level()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Change the log level of the Journal
pcl_loglevel(Pid, LogLevel) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {log_level, LogLevel}).

-spec pcl_addlogs(pid(), list(string())) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Add to the list of forced logs, a list of more forced logs
pcl_addlogs(Pid, ForcedLogs) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {add_logs, ForcedLogs}).

-spec pcl_removelogs(pid(), list(string())) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Remove from the list of forced logs, a list of forced logs
pcl_removelogs(Pid, ForcedLogs) ->
    gen_server:cast(Pid, {remove_logs, ForcedLogs}).

%%%============================================================================
%%% gen_server callbacks
%%%============================================================================

init([LogOpts, PCLopts]) ->
    leveled_log:save(LogOpts),
    leveled_rand:seed(),
    case {PCLopts#penciller_options.root_path,
            PCLopts#penciller_options.start_snapshot,
            PCLopts#penciller_options.snapshot_query,
            PCLopts#penciller_options.bookies_mem} of
        {undefined, _Snapshot=true, Query, BookiesMem} ->
            SrcPenciller = PCLopts#penciller_options.source_penciller,
            LongRunning = PCLopts#penciller_options.snapshot_longrunning,
            %% monitor the bookie, and close the snapshot when bookie
            %% exits
	        BookieMonitor = 
                erlang:monitor(process, PCLopts#penciller_options.bookies_pid),

            {ok, State} = pcl_registersnapshot(SrcPenciller, 
                                                self(), 
                                                Query, 
                                                BookiesMem, 
                                                LongRunning),
            leveled_log:log("P0001", [self()]),
            {ok, State#state{is_snapshot=true,
			     bookie_monref = BookieMonitor,
			     source_penciller=SrcPenciller}};
        {_RootPath, _Snapshot=false, _Q, _BM} ->
            start_from_file(PCLopts)
    end.    
    

handle_call({push_mem, {LedgerTable, PushedIdx, MinSQN, MaxSQN}},
                From,
                State=#state{is_snapshot=Snap}) when Snap == false ->
    % The push_mem process is as follows:
    %
    % 1 - Receive a cache.  The cache has four parts: a tree of keys and
    % values, an array of 256 binaries listing the hashes present in the
    % tree, a min SQN and a max SQN
    %
    % 2 - Check to see if there is a levelzero file pending.  If so, the
    % update must be returned.  If not the update can be accepted
    %
    % 3 - The Penciller can now reply to the Bookie to show if the push has
    % been accepted
    %
    % 4 - Update the cache:
    % a) Append the cache to the list
    % b) Add each of the 256 hash-listing binaries to the master L0 index array
    %
    % Check the approximate size of the cache.  If it is over the maximum size,
    % trigger a background L0 file write and update state of levelzero_pending.
    CacheUpdateBlockedByPendingWork
        = State#state.levelzero_pending or State#state.work_backlog,
    CacheFull = leveled_pmem:cache_full(State#state.levelzero_cache),
    case {CacheUpdateBlockedByPendingWork, CacheFull} of
        {true, _} ->
            leveled_log:log("P0018", [returned,
                                        State#state.levelzero_pending,
                                        State#state.work_backlog]),
            {reply, returned, State};
        {false, true} ->
            leveled_log:log("P0042", [State#state.levelzero_size]),
            % The cache is full (the maximum line items have been reached), so
            % can't accept any more.  However, we need to try and roll memory
            % otherwise cache may be permanently full.
            gen_server:reply(From, returned),
            {UpdState, none} = maybe_roll_memory(State, true, false),
            {noreply, UpdState};
        {false, false} ->
            % leveled_log:log("P0018", [ok, false, false]),
            PushedTree =
                case is_tuple(LedgerTable) of
                    true ->
                        LedgerTable;
                    false ->
                        leveled_tree:from_orderedset(LedgerTable,
                                                        ?CACHE_TYPE)
                end,
            % Reply must happen after the table has been converted
            gen_server:reply(From, ok),
            % Update LevelZero will add to the cache and maybe roll the
            % cache from memory to L0 disk if the cache is too big
            {noreply,
                update_levelzero(State#state.levelzero_size,
                                    {PushedTree, PushedIdx, MinSQN, MaxSQN},
                                    State#state.ledger_sqn,
                                    State#state.levelzero_cache,
                                    State)}
    end;
handle_call({fetch, Key, Hash, UseL0Index}, _From, State) ->
    L0Idx = 
        case UseL0Index of 
            true ->
                State#state.levelzero_index;
            false ->
                none
        end,
    {R, UpdTimings} = timed_fetch_mem(Key,
                                        Hash,
                                        State#state.manifest,
                                        State#state.levelzero_cache,
                                        L0Idx,
                                        State#state.timings),
    {UpdTimings0, CountDown} = 
        update_statetimings(UpdTimings, State#state.timings_countdown),
    {reply, R, State#state{timings=UpdTimings0, timings_countdown=CountDown}};
handle_call({check_sqn, Key, Hash, SQN}, _From, State) ->
    {reply,
        compare_to_sqn(
            fetch_sqn(
                Key,
                Hash,
                State#state.manifest,
                State#state.levelzero_cache,
                State#state.levelzero_index),
                SQN),
        State};
handle_call({fetch_keys, 
                    StartKey, EndKey, 
                    AccFun, InitAcc, 
                    SegmentList, LastModRange, MaxKeys, By},
                _From,
                State=#state{snapshot_fully_loaded=Ready})
                                                        when Ready == true ->
    LastModRange0 =
        case LastModRange of
            false ->
                ?OPEN_LASTMOD_RANGE;
            R ->
                R
        end,
    SW = os:timestamp(),
    L0AsList =
        case State#state.levelzero_astree of
            undefined ->
                leveled_pmem:merge_trees(StartKey,
                                            EndKey,
                                            State#state.levelzero_cache,
                                            leveled_tree:empty(?CACHE_TYPE));
            List ->
                List
        end,
    FilteredL0 = 
        case SegmentList of
            false ->
                L0AsList;
            _ ->
                TunedList = leveled_sst:tune_seglist(SegmentList),
                FilterFun =
                    fun(LKV) ->
                        CheckSeg = 
                            leveled_sst:extract_hash(
                                leveled_codec:strip_to_segmentonly(LKV)),
                        leveled_sst:member_check(CheckSeg, TunedList)
                    end,
                lists:filter(FilterFun, L0AsList)
        end,
    
    leveled_log:log_randomtimer("P0037",
                                [State#state.levelzero_size],
                                SW,
                                0.01),
    
    %% Rename any reference to loop state that may be used by the function
    %% to be returned - https://github.com/martinsumner/leveled/issues/326
    SSTiter =
        case State#state.query_manifest of
            undefined ->
                leveled_pmanifest:query_manifest(
                    State#state.manifest, StartKey, EndKey);
            {QueryManifest, StartKeyQM, EndKeyQM}
                    when StartKey >= StartKeyQM, EndKey =< EndKeyQM ->
                QueryManifest
        end,    
    SnapshotTime = State#state.snapshot_time,
    
    Folder = 
        fun() -> 
            keyfolder({FilteredL0, SSTiter},
                        {StartKey, EndKey},
                        {AccFun, InitAcc, SnapshotTime},
                        {SegmentList, LastModRange0, MaxKeys})
        end,
    case By of 
        as_pcl ->
            {reply, Folder(), State};
        by_runner ->
            {reply, Folder, State}
    end;
handle_call(get_startup_sqn, _From, State) ->
    {reply, State#state.persisted_sqn, State};
handle_call({register_snapshot, Snapshot, Query, BookiesMem, LongRunning},
                                                            _From, State) ->
    % Register and load a snapshot
    %
    % For setup of the snapshot to be efficient should pass a query
    % of (StartKey, EndKey) - this will avoid a fully copy of the penciller's
    % memory being required to be trasnferred to the clone.  However, this
    % will not be a valid clone for fetch
    
    TimeO = 
        case LongRunning of
            true ->
                State#state.snaptimeout_long;
            false ->
                State#state.snaptimeout_short
        end,
    Manifest0 =
        leveled_pmanifest:add_snapshot(State#state.manifest, Snapshot, TimeO),

    {BookieIncrTree, BookieIdx, MinSQN, MaxSQN} = BookiesMem,
    LM1Cache =
        case BookieIncrTree of
            empty_cache ->
                leveled_tree:empty(?CACHE_TYPE);
            _ ->
                BookieIncrTree
        end,

    {CloneState, ManifestClone, QueryManifest} = 
        case Query of
            no_lookup ->
                {UpdMaxSQN, UpdSize, L0Cache} =
                    leveled_pmem:add_to_cache(State#state.levelzero_size,
                                                {LM1Cache, MinSQN, MaxSQN},
                                                State#state.ledger_sqn,
                                                State#state.levelzero_cache),
                {#state{levelzero_cache = L0Cache,
                        ledger_sqn = UpdMaxSQN,
                        levelzero_size = UpdSize,
                        persisted_sqn = State#state.persisted_sqn},
                    leveled_pmanifest:copy_manifest(State#state.manifest),
                    undefined};
            {StartKey, EndKey} ->
                SW = os:timestamp(),
                L0AsTree =
                    leveled_pmem:merge_trees(StartKey,
                                                EndKey,
                                                State#state.levelzero_cache,
                                                LM1Cache),
                leveled_log:log_randomtimer("P0037",
                                            [State#state.levelzero_size],
                                            SW,
                                            0.01),
                {#state{levelzero_astree = L0AsTree,
                        ledger_sqn = MaxSQN,
                        persisted_sqn = State#state.persisted_sqn},
                    undefined,
                    {leveled_pmanifest:query_manifest(
                        State#state.manifest, StartKey, EndKey),
                        StartKey,
                        EndKey}};
            undefined ->
                {UpdMaxSQN, UpdSize, L0Cache} =
                    leveled_pmem:add_to_cache(State#state.levelzero_size,
                                                {LM1Cache, MinSQN, MaxSQN},
                                                State#state.ledger_sqn,
                                                State#state.levelzero_cache),
                L0Index =
                    case BookieIdx of
                        empty_index ->
                            State#state.levelzero_index;
                        _ ->
                            leveled_pmem:add_to_index(BookieIdx,
                                                        State#state.levelzero_index,
                                                        length(L0Cache))
                    end,
                {#state{levelzero_cache = L0Cache,
                        levelzero_index = L0Index,
                        levelzero_size = UpdSize,
                        ledger_sqn = UpdMaxSQN,
                        persisted_sqn = State#state.persisted_sqn},
                    leveled_pmanifest:copy_manifest(State#state.manifest),
                    undefined}
        end,
    {reply,
        {ok,
            CloneState#state{snapshot_fully_loaded = true,
                                snapshot_time = leveled_util:integer_now(),
                                manifest = ManifestClone,
                                query_manifest = QueryManifest}},
        State#state{manifest = Manifest0}};
handle_call(close, _From, State=#state{is_snapshot=Snap}) when Snap == true ->
    ok = pcl_releasesnapshot(State#state.source_penciller, self()),
    {stop, normal, ok, State};
handle_call(close, _From, State) ->
    % Level 0 files lie outside of the manifest, and so if there is no L0
    % file present it is safe to write the current contents of memory.  If
    % there is a L0 file present - then the memory can be dropped (it is
    % recoverable from the ledger, and there should not be a lot to recover
    % as presumably the ETS file has been recently flushed, hence the presence
    % of a L0 file).
    %
    % The penciller should close each file in the manifest, and call a close
    % on the clerk.
    ok = leveled_pclerk:clerk_close(State#state.clerk),
    leveled_log:log("P0008", [close]),
    L0Empty = State#state.levelzero_size == 0,
    case (not State#state.levelzero_pending and not L0Empty) of
        true ->
            L0_Left = State#state.levelzero_size > 0,
            {UpdState, _L0Bloom} = maybe_roll_memory(State, L0_Left, true),
            L0Pid = UpdState#state.levelzero_constructor,
            case is_pid(L0Pid) of
                true ->
                    ok = leveled_sst:sst_close(L0Pid);
                false ->
                    leveled_log:log("P0010", [State#state.levelzero_size])
            end;
        false ->
            leveled_log:log("P0010", [State#state.levelzero_size])
    end,
    shutdown_manifest(State#state.manifest, State#state.levelzero_constructor),
    {stop, normal, ok, State};
handle_call(doom, _From, State) ->
    leveled_log:log("P0030", []),
    ok = leveled_pclerk:clerk_close(State#state.clerk),
    
    shutdown_manifest(State#state.manifest,  State#state.levelzero_constructor),
    
    ManifestFP = State#state.root_path ++ "/" ++ ?MANIFEST_FP ++ "/",
    FilesFP = State#state.root_path ++ "/" ++ ?FILES_FP ++ "/",
    {stop, normal, {ok, [ManifestFP, FilesFP]}, State};
handle_call({checkbloom_fortest, Key, Hash}, _From, State) ->
    Manifest = State#state.manifest,
    FoldFun = 
        fun(Level, Acc) ->
            case Acc of 
                true ->
                    true;
                false ->
                    case leveled_pmanifest:key_lookup(Manifest, Level, Key) of
                        false ->
                            false;
                        FP ->
                            leveled_pmanifest:check_bloom(Manifest, FP, Hash)
                    end
            end
        end,
    {reply, lists:foldl(FoldFun, false, lists:seq(0, ?MAX_LEVELS)), State};
handle_call(check_for_work, _From, State) ->
    {_WL, WC} = leveled_pmanifest:check_for_work(State#state.manifest),
    {reply, WC > 0, State};
handle_call(persisted_sqn, _From, State) ->
    {reply, State#state.persisted_sqn, State}.

handle_cast({manifest_change, Manifest}, State) ->
    NewManSQN = leveled_pmanifest:get_manifest_sqn(Manifest),
    OldManSQN = leveled_pmanifest:get_manifest_sqn(State#state.manifest),
    leveled_log:log("P0041", [OldManSQN, NewManSQN]),
    % Only safe to update the manifest if the SQN increments
    if NewManSQN > OldManSQN ->
        ok =
            leveled_pclerk:clerk_promptdeletions(State#state.clerk, NewManSQN),
            % This is accepted as the new manifest, files may be deleted
        UpdManifest0 =
            leveled_pmanifest:merge_snapshot(State#state.manifest, Manifest),
            % Need to preserve the penciller's view of snapshots stored in
            % the manifest
        UpdManifest1 =
            leveled_pmanifest:clear_pending(
                UpdManifest0,
                lists:usort(State#state.pending_removals),
                State#state.maybe_release),
        {noreply,
            State#state{
                manifest=UpdManifest1,
                pending_removals = [],
                maybe_release = false,
                work_ongoing=false}}
    end;
handle_cast({release_snapshot, Snapshot}, State) ->
    Manifest0 = leveled_pmanifest:release_snapshot(State#state.manifest,
                                                   Snapshot),
    leveled_log:log("P0003", [Snapshot]),
    {noreply, State#state{manifest=Manifest0}};
handle_cast({confirm_delete, PDFN, FilePid}, State=#state{is_snapshot=Snap})
                                                        when Snap == false ->
    % This is a two stage process.  A file that is ready for deletion can be
    % checked against the manifest to prompt the deletion, however it must also
    % be removed from the manifest's list of pending deletes.  This is only
    % possible when the manifest is in control of the penciller not the clerk.
    % When work is ongoing (i.e. the manifest is under control of the clerk),
    % any removals from the manifest need to be stored temporarily (in
    % pending_removals) until such time that the manifest is in control of the
    % penciller and can be updated.
    % The maybe_release boolean on state is used if any file is not ready to
    % delete, and there is work ongoing.  This will then trigger a check to
    % ensure any timed out snapshots are released, in case this is the factor
    % blocking the delete confirmation
    % When an updated manifest is submitted by the clerk, the pending_removals
    % will be cleared from pending using the maybe_release boolean
    case leveled_pmanifest:ready_to_delete(State#state.manifest, PDFN) of
        true ->
            leveled_log:log("P0005", [PDFN]),
            ok = leveled_sst:sst_deleteconfirmed(FilePid),
            case State#state.work_ongoing of 
                true ->
                    {noreply,
                        State#state{
                            pending_removals =
                                [PDFN|State#state.pending_removals]}};
                false ->
                    UpdManifest =
                        leveled_pmanifest:clear_pending(
                            State#state.manifest,
                            [PDFN],
                            false),
                    {noreply,
                        State#state{manifest = UpdManifest}}
            end;
        false ->
            case State#state.work_ongoing of
                true ->
                    {noreply, State#state{maybe_release = true}};
                false ->
                    UpdManifest =
                        leveled_pmanifest:clear_pending(
                            State#state.manifest,
                            [],
                            true),
                    {noreply,
                        State#state{manifest = UpdManifest}}
            end
    end;
handle_cast({levelzero_complete, FN, StartKey, EndKey, Bloom}, State) ->
    leveled_log:log("P0029", []),
    ManEntry = #manifest_entry{start_key=StartKey,
                                end_key=EndKey,
                                owner=State#state.levelzero_constructor,
                                filename=FN,
                                bloom=Bloom},
    ManifestSQN = leveled_pmanifest:get_manifest_sqn(State#state.manifest) + 1,
    UpdMan = leveled_pmanifest:insert_manifest_entry(State#state.manifest,
                                                        ManifestSQN,
                                                        0,
                                                        ManEntry),
    % Prompt clerk to ask about work - do this for every L0 roll
    UpdIndex = leveled_pmem:clear_index(State#state.levelzero_index),
    ok = leveled_pclerk:clerk_prompt(State#state.clerk),
    {noreply, State#state{levelzero_cache=[],
                            levelzero_index=UpdIndex,
                            levelzero_pending=false,
                            levelzero_constructor=undefined,
                            levelzero_size=0,
                            manifest=UpdMan,
                            persisted_sqn=State#state.ledger_sqn}};
handle_cast(work_for_clerk, State) ->
    case {State#state.levelzero_pending, State#state.work_ongoing} of
        {false, false} ->
            % TODO - as part of supervision tree and retry work:
            % Need to check for work_ongoing as well as levelzero_pending as
            % there may be a race that could lead to the clerk doing the same
            % thing twice.
            %
            % This has implications though if we auto-restart the pclerk in the
            % future, without altering this state - it may never be able to
            % request work due to ongoing work that crashed the previous clerk
            %
            % Perhaps the pclerk should not be restarted because of this, and
            % the failure should ripple up
            {WL, WC} = leveled_pmanifest:check_for_work(State#state.manifest),
            case WC of
                0 ->
                    {noreply, State#state{work_backlog=false}};
                N ->
                    Backlog = N > ?WORKQUEUE_BACKLOG_TOLERANCE,
                    leveled_log:log("P0024", [N, Backlog]),
                    [TL|_Tail] = WL,
                    ok =
                        leveled_pclerk:clerk_push(
                            State#state.clerk, {TL, State#state.manifest}),
                    case TL of
                        0 ->
                            % Just written a L0 so as LoopState now rewritten,
                            % garbage collect to free as much as possible as
                            % soon as possible
                            garbage_collect();
                        _ ->
                            ok
                    end,
                    
                    {noreply,
                        State#state{work_backlog=Backlog, work_ongoing=true}}
            end;
        _ ->
            {noreply, State}
    end;
handle_cast({fetch_levelzero, Slot, ReturnFun}, State) ->
    ReturnFun(lists:nth(Slot, State#state.levelzero_cache)),
    {noreply, State};
handle_cast({log_level, LogLevel}, State) ->
    PC = State#state.clerk,
    ok = leveled_pclerk:clerk_loglevel(PC, LogLevel),
    ok = leveled_log:set_loglevel(LogLevel),
    SSTopts = State#state.sst_options,
    SSTopts0 = SSTopts#sst_options{log_options = leveled_log:get_opts()},
    {noreply, State#state{sst_options = SSTopts0}};
handle_cast({add_logs, ForcedLogs}, State) ->
    PC = State#state.clerk,
    ok = leveled_pclerk:clerk_addlogs(PC, ForcedLogs),
    ok = leveled_log:add_forcedlogs(ForcedLogs),
    SSTopts = State#state.sst_options,
    SSTopts0 = SSTopts#sst_options{log_options = leveled_log:get_opts()},
    {noreply, State#state{sst_options = SSTopts0}};
handle_cast({remove_logs, ForcedLogs}, State) ->
    PC = State#state.clerk,
    ok = leveled_pclerk:clerk_removelogs(PC, ForcedLogs),
    ok = leveled_log:remove_forcedlogs(ForcedLogs),
    SSTopts = State#state.sst_options,
    SSTopts0 = SSTopts#sst_options{log_options = leveled_log:get_opts()},
    {noreply, State#state{sst_options = SSTopts0}}.


%% handle the bookie stopping and stop this snapshot
handle_info({'DOWN', BookieMonRef, process, _BookiePid, _Info},
	    State=#state{bookie_monref = BookieMonRef}) ->
    ok = pcl_releasesnapshot(State#state.source_penciller, self()),
    {stop, normal, State};
handle_info(_Info, State) ->
    {noreply, State}.

terminate(Reason, _State=#state{is_snapshot=Snap}) when Snap == true ->
    leveled_log:log("P0007", [Reason]);
terminate(Reason, _State) ->
    leveled_log:log("P0011", [Reason]).

format_status(normal, [_PDict, State]) ->
    State;
format_status(terminate, [_PDict, State]) ->
    State#state{manifest = redacted, 
                    levelzero_cache = redacted,
                    levelzero_index = redacted,
                    levelzero_astree = redacted}.


code_change(_OldVsn, State, _Extra) ->
    {ok, State}.


%%%============================================================================
%%% Path functions
%%%============================================================================

sst_rootpath(RootPath) ->
    FP = RootPath ++ "/" ++ ?FILES_FP,
    filelib:ensure_dir(FP ++ "/"),
    FP.

sst_filename(ManSQN, Level, Count) ->
    lists:flatten(io_lib:format("./~w_~w_~w" ++ ?SST_FILEX, 
                                    [ManSQN, Level, Count])).
    

%%%============================================================================
%%% Internal functions
%%%============================================================================

-spec start_from_file(penciller_options()) -> {ok, pcl_state()}.
%% @doc
%% Normal start of a penciller (i.e. not a snapshot), needs to read the 
%% filesystem and reconstruct the ledger from the files that it finds
start_from_file(PCLopts) ->
    RootPath = PCLopts#penciller_options.root_path,
    MaxTableSize = PCLopts#penciller_options.max_inmemory_tablesize,
    OptsSST = PCLopts#penciller_options.sst_options,

    SnapTimeoutShort = PCLopts#penciller_options.snaptimeout_short,
    SnapTimeoutLong = PCLopts#penciller_options.snaptimeout_long,
    
    {ok, MergeClerk} = leveled_pclerk:clerk_new(self(), RootPath, OptsSST),
    
    CoinToss = PCLopts#penciller_options.levelzero_cointoss,
    % Used to randomly defer the writing of L0 file.  Intended to help with
    % vnode syncronisation issues (e.g. stop them all by default merging to
    % level zero concurrently)
    
    InitState = #state{clerk = MergeClerk,
                        root_path = RootPath,
                        levelzero_maxcachesize = MaxTableSize,
                        levelzero_cointoss = CoinToss,
                        levelzero_index = leveled_pmem:new_index(),
                        snaptimeout_short = SnapTimeoutShort,
                        snaptimeout_long = SnapTimeoutLong,
                        sst_options = OptsSST},
    
    %% Open manifest
    Manifest0 = leveled_pmanifest:open_manifest(RootPath),
    OpenFun =
        fun(FN, Level) ->
            {ok, Pid, {_FK, _LK}, Bloom} = 
                leveled_sst:sst_open(sst_rootpath(RootPath),
                                        FN, OptsSST, Level),
            {Pid, Bloom}
        end,
    SQNFun = fun leveled_sst:sst_getmaxsequencenumber/1,
    {MaxSQN, Manifest1, FileList} = 
        leveled_pmanifest:load_manifest(Manifest0, OpenFun, SQNFun),
    leveled_log:log("P0014", [MaxSQN]),
    ManSQN = leveled_pmanifest:get_manifest_sqn(Manifest1),
    leveled_log:log("P0035", [ManSQN]),
    %% Find any L0 files
    L0FN = sst_filename(ManSQN + 1, 0, 0),
    {State0, FileList0} = 
        case filelib:is_file(filename:join(sst_rootpath(RootPath), L0FN)) of
            true ->
                leveled_log:log("P0015", [L0FN]),
                L0Open = leveled_sst:sst_open(sst_rootpath(RootPath),
                                                L0FN,
                                                OptsSST,
                                                0),
                {ok, L0Pid, {L0StartKey, L0EndKey}, Bloom} = L0Open,
                L0SQN = leveled_sst:sst_getmaxsequencenumber(L0Pid),
                L0Entry = #manifest_entry{start_key = L0StartKey,
                                            end_key = L0EndKey,
                                            filename = L0FN,
                                            owner = L0Pid,
                                            bloom = Bloom},
                Manifest2 = 
                    leveled_pmanifest:insert_manifest_entry(Manifest1,
                                                            ManSQN + 1,
                                                            0,
                                                            L0Entry),
                leveled_log:log("P0016", [L0SQN]),
                LedgerSQN = max(MaxSQN, L0SQN),
                {InitState#state{manifest = Manifest2,
                                    ledger_sqn = LedgerSQN,
                                    persisted_sqn = LedgerSQN},
                    [L0FN|FileList]};
            false ->
                leveled_log:log("P0017", []),
                {InitState#state{manifest = Manifest1,
                                    ledger_sqn = MaxSQN,
                                    persisted_sqn = MaxSQN},
                    FileList}
        end,
    ok = archive_files(RootPath, FileList0),
    {ok, State0}.


-spec shutdown_manifest(leveled_pmanifest:manifest(), pid()|undefined) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Shutdown all the SST files within the manifest
shutdown_manifest(Manifest, L0Constructor) ->
    EntryCloseFun =
        fun(ME) ->
            Owner =
                case is_record(ME, manifest_entry) of
                    true ->
                        ME#manifest_entry.owner;
                    false ->
                        case ME of
                            {_SK, ME0} ->
                                ME0#manifest_entry.owner;
                            ME ->
                                ME
                        end
                end,
            ok = 
                case check_alive(Owner) of
                    true ->
                        leveled_sst:sst_close(Owner);
                    false ->
                        ok
                end
        end,
    leveled_pmanifest:close_manifest(Manifest, EntryCloseFun),
    EntryCloseFun(L0Constructor).


-spec check_alive(pid()|undefined) -> boolean().
%% @doc
%% Double-check a processis active before attempting to terminate
check_alive(Owner) when is_pid(Owner) ->
    is_process_alive(Owner);
check_alive(_Owner) ->
    false.


-spec archive_files(list(), list()) -> ok.
%% @doc
%% Archive any sst files in the folder that have not been used to build the 
%% ledger at startup.  They may have not deeleted as expected, so this saves
%% them off as non-SST fies to make it easier for an admin to garbage collect 
%% theses files
archive_files(RootPath, UsedFileList) ->
    {ok, AllFiles} = file:list_dir(sst_rootpath(RootPath)),
    FileCheckFun =
        fun(FN, UnusedFiles) ->
            FN0 = "./" ++ FN,
            case filename:extension(FN0) of 
                ?SST_FILEX ->
                    case lists:member(FN0, UsedFileList) of 
                        true ->
                            UnusedFiles;
                        false ->
                            leveled_log:log("P0040", [FN0]),
                            [FN0|UnusedFiles]
                    end;
                _ ->
                    UnusedFiles
            end
        end,
    RenameFun =
        fun(FN) ->
            AltName = filename:join(sst_rootpath(RootPath), 
                                        filename:basename(FN, ?SST_FILEX))
                        ++ ?ARCHIVE_FILEX,
            file:rename(filename:join(sst_rootpath(RootPath), FN), 
                            AltName)
        end,
    FilesToArchive = lists:foldl(FileCheckFun, [], AllFiles),
    lists:foreach(RenameFun, FilesToArchive),
    ok.


-spec update_levelzero(integer(), tuple(), integer(), list(), pcl_state()) 
                                                            -> pcl_state().
%% @doc
%% Update the in-memory cache of recent changes for the penciller.  This is 
%% the level zero at the top of the tree.
%% Once the update is made, there needs to be a decision to potentially roll
%% the level-zero memory to an on-disk level zero sst file.  This can only
%% happen when the cache has exeeded the size threshold (with some jitter 
%% to prevent coordination across multiple leveled instances), and when there
%% is no level zero file already present, and when there is no manifest change
%% pending. 
update_levelzero(L0Size, {PushedTree, PushedIdx, MinSQN, MaxSQN},
                                                LedgerSQN, L0Cache, State) ->
    SW = os:timestamp(), % Time this for logging purposes
    Update = leveled_pmem:add_to_cache(L0Size,
                                        {PushedTree, MinSQN, MaxSQN},
                                        LedgerSQN,
                                        L0Cache),
    UpdL0Index = leveled_pmem:add_to_index(PushedIdx,
                                            State#state.levelzero_index,
                                            length(L0Cache) + 1),
    
    {UpdMaxSQN, NewL0Size, UpdL0Cache} = Update,
    if
        UpdMaxSQN >= LedgerSQN ->
            UpdState = State#state{levelzero_cache=UpdL0Cache,
                                    levelzero_size=NewL0Size,
                                    levelzero_index=UpdL0Index,
                                    ledger_sqn=UpdMaxSQN},
            CacheTooBig =
                NewL0Size > State#state.levelzero_maxcachesize,
            CacheMuchTooBig = 
                NewL0Size > min(?SUPER_MAX_TABLE_SIZE,
                                2 * State#state.levelzero_maxcachesize),
            RandomFactor =
                case State#state.levelzero_cointoss of
                    true ->
                        case leveled_rand:uniform(?COIN_SIDECOUNT) of
                            1 ->
                                true;
                            _ ->
                                false
                        end;
                    false ->
                        true
                end,
            JitterCheck = RandomFactor or CacheMuchTooBig,
            Due = CacheTooBig and JitterCheck,
            {UpdState0, _L0Bloom} = maybe_roll_memory(UpdState, Due, false),
            LogSubs = [NewL0Size, Due, State#state.work_ongoing],
            case Due of
                true ->
                    leveled_log:log_timer("P0031", LogSubs, SW);
                _ ->
                    ok
            end,
            UpdState0
    end.


-spec maybe_roll_memory(pcl_state(), boolean(), boolean())
                -> {pcl_state(), leveled_ebloom:bloom()|none}.
%% @doc
%% Check that no L0 file is present before rolling memory.  Returns a boolean
%% to indicate if memory has been rolled, the Pid of the L0 constructor and 
%% The bloom of the L0 file (or none)
maybe_roll_memory(State, false, _SyncRoll) ->
    {State, none};
maybe_roll_memory(State, true, SyncRoll) ->
    BlockedByL0 = leveled_pmanifest:levelzero_present(State#state.manifest),
    PendingManifestChange = State#state.work_ongoing,
    % It is critical that memory is not rolled if the manifest is due to be
    % updated by a change by the clerk.  When that manifest change is made it
    % will override the addition of L0 and data will be lost.
    case (BlockedByL0 or PendingManifestChange) of
        true ->
            {State, none};
        false ->
            {L0Constructor, Bloom} = roll_memory(State, SyncRoll),
            {State#state{levelzero_pending=true,
                            levelzero_constructor=L0Constructor},
                Bloom}
    end.

-spec roll_memory(pcl_state(), boolean()) 
                                    -> {pid(), leveled_ebloom:bloom()|none}.
%% @doc
%% Roll the in-memory cache into a L0 file.  If this is done synchronously, 
%% will return a bloom representing the contents of the file. 
%%
%% Casting a large object (the levelzero cache) to the gen_server did not lead
%% to an immediate return as expected.  With 32K keys in the TreeList it could
%% take around 35-40ms.
%%
%% To avoid blocking this gen_server, the SST file can request each item of the
%% cache one at a time.
%%
%% The Wait is set to false to use a cast when calling this in normal operation
%% where as the Wait of true is used at shutdown
roll_memory(State, false) ->
    ManSQN = leveled_pmanifest:get_manifest_sqn(State#state.manifest) + 1,
    RootPath = sst_rootpath(State#state.root_path),
    FileName = sst_filename(ManSQN, 0, 0),
    leveled_log:log("P0019", [FileName, State#state.ledger_sqn]),
    PCL = self(),
    FetchFun =
        fun(Slot, ReturnFun) -> pcl_fetchlevelzero(PCL, Slot, ReturnFun) end,
    R = leveled_sst:sst_newlevelzero(RootPath,
                                        FileName,
                                        length(State#state.levelzero_cache),
                                        FetchFun,
                                        PCL,
                                        State#state.ledger_sqn,
                                        State#state.sst_options),
    {ok, Constructor, _} = R,
    {Constructor, none};
roll_memory(State, true) ->
    ManSQN = leveled_pmanifest:get_manifest_sqn(State#state.manifest) + 1,
    RootPath = sst_rootpath(State#state.root_path),
    FileName = sst_filename(ManSQN, 0, 0),
    LZC = State#state.levelzero_cache,
    FetchFun = fun(Slot) -> lists:nth(Slot, LZC) end,
    KVList = leveled_pmem:to_list(length(LZC), FetchFun),
    R = leveled_sst:sst_new(RootPath,
                            FileName,
                            0,
                            KVList,
                            State#state.ledger_sqn,
                            State#state.sst_options),
    {ok, Constructor, _, Bloom} = R,
    {Constructor, Bloom}.


-spec timed_fetch_mem(tuple(), {integer(), integer()}, 
                        leveled_pmanifest:manifest(), list(), 
                        leveled_pmem:index_array(), pcl_timings()) 
                                                -> {tuple(), pcl_timings()}.
%% @doc
%% Fetch the result from the penciller, starting by looking in the memory, 
%% and if it is not found looking down level by level through the LSM tree.
%%
%% This allows for the request to be timed, and the timing result to be added
%% to the aggregate timings - so that timinings per level can be logged and 
%% the cost of requests dropping levels can be monitored.
%%
%% the result tuple includes the level at which the result was found.
timed_fetch_mem(Key, Hash, Manifest, L0Cache, L0Index, Timings) ->
    SW = os:timestamp(),
    {R, Level} =
        fetch_mem(Key, Hash, Manifest, L0Cache, L0Index, fun timed_sst_get/4),
    UpdTimings = update_timings(SW, Timings, R, Level),
    {R, UpdTimings}.


-spec fetch_sqn(
    leveled_codec:ledger_key(),
    leveled_codec:segment_hash(),
    leveled_pmanifest:manifest(),
    list(),
    leveled_pmem:index_array()) ->
        not_present|leveled_codec:ledger_kv()|leveled_codec:ledger_sqn().
%% @doc
%% Fetch the result from the penciller, starting by looking in the memory, 
%% and if it is not found looking down level by level through the LSM tree.
fetch_sqn(Key, Hash, Manifest, L0Cache, L0Index) ->
    R = fetch_mem(Key, Hash, Manifest, L0Cache, L0Index, fun sst_getsqn/4),
    element(1, R).

fetch_mem(Key, Hash, Manifest, L0Cache, L0Index, FetchFun) ->
    PosList = 
        case L0Index of
            none ->
                lists:seq(1, length(L0Cache));
            _ ->
                leveled_pmem:check_index(Hash, L0Index)
        end,
    L0Check = leveled_pmem:check_levelzero(Key, Hash, PosList, L0Cache),
    case L0Check of
        {false, not_found} ->
            fetch(Key, Hash, Manifest, 0, FetchFun);
        {true, KV} ->
            {KV, memory}
    end.

-spec fetch(tuple(), {integer(), integer()}, 
                leveled_pmanifest:manifest(), integer(), 
                sst_fetchfun()) -> {tuple()|not_present, integer()|basement}.
%% @doc
%% Fetch from the persisted portion of the LSM tree, checking each level in 
%% turn until a match is found.
%% Levels can be skipped by checking the bloom for the relevant file at that
%% level.
fetch(_Key, _Hash, _Manifest, ?MAX_LEVELS + 1, _FetchFun) ->
    {not_present, basement};
fetch(Key, Hash, Manifest, Level, FetchFun) ->
    case leveled_pmanifest:key_lookup(Manifest, Level, Key) of
        false ->
            fetch(Key, Hash, Manifest, Level + 1, FetchFun);
        FP ->
            case leveled_pmanifest:check_bloom(Manifest, FP, Hash) of 
                true ->
                    case FetchFun(FP, Key, Hash, Level) of
                        not_present ->
                            fetch(Key, Hash, Manifest, Level + 1, FetchFun);
                        ObjectFound ->
                            {ObjectFound, Level}
                    end;
                false ->
                    fetch(Key, Hash, Manifest, Level + 1, FetchFun)
            end
    end.
    
timed_sst_get(PID, Key, Hash, Level) ->
    SW = os:timestamp(),
    R = leveled_sst:sst_get(PID, Key, Hash),
    T0 = timer:now_diff(os:timestamp(), SW),
    log_slowfetch(T0, R, PID, Level, ?SLOW_FETCH).

sst_getsqn(PID, Key, Hash, _Level) ->
    leveled_sst:sst_getsqn(PID, Key, Hash).

log_slowfetch(T0, R, PID, Level, FetchTolerance) ->
    case {T0, R} of
        {T, R} when T < FetchTolerance ->
            R;
        {T, not_present} ->
            leveled_log:log("PC016", [PID, T, Level, not_present]),
            not_present;
        {T, R} ->
            leveled_log:log("PC016", [PID, T, Level, found]),
            R
    end.


-spec compare_to_sqn(
    leveled_codec:ledger_kv()|leveled_codec:sqn()|not_present,
    integer()) -> sqn_check().
%% @doc
%% Check to see if the SQN in the penciller is after the SQN expected for an 
%% object (used to allow the journal to check compaction status from a cache
%% of the ledger - objects with a more recent sequence number can be compacted).
compare_to_sqn(not_present, _SQN) ->
    missing;
compare_to_sqn(ObjSQN, SQN) when is_integer(ObjSQN), ObjSQN > SQN ->
    replaced;
compare_to_sqn(ObjSQN, _SQN) when is_integer(ObjSQN) ->
    % Normally we would expect the SQN to be equal here, but
    % this also allows for the Journal to have a more advanced
    % value. We return true here as we wouldn't want to
    % compact thta more advanced value, but this may cause
    % confusion in snapshots.
    current;
compare_to_sqn(Obj, SQN) ->
    compare_to_sqn(leveled_codec:strip_to_seqonly(Obj), SQN).


%%%============================================================================
%%% Iterator functions 
%%% 
%%% TODO - move to dedicated module with extended unit testing
%%%============================================================================


-spec keyfolder(list(), list(), tuple(), tuple(),
                {pclacc_fun(), any(), pos_integer()}) -> any().
%% @doc
%% The keyfolder will compare an iterator across the immutable in-memory cache
%% of the Penciller (the IMMiter), with an iterator across the persisted part 
%% (the SSTiter).
%%
%% A Segment List and a MaxKeys may be passed.  Every time something is added 
%% to the accumulator MaxKeys is reduced - so set MaxKeys to -1 if it is 
%% intended to be infinite.
%%
%% The basic principle is to take the next key in the IMMiter and compare it
%% to the next key in the SSTiter, and decide which one should be added to the
%% accumulator.  The iterators are advanced if they either win (i.e. are the 
%% next key), or are dominated. This goes on until the iterators are empty.
%%
%% To advance the SSTiter the find_nextkey/4 function is used, as the SSTiter
%% is an iterator across multiple levels - and so needs to do its own 
%% comparisons to pop the next result.
keyfolder(IMMiter, SSTiter, StartKey, EndKey, {AccFun, Acc, Now}) ->
    keyfolder({IMMiter, SSTiter}, 
                {StartKey, EndKey},
                {AccFun, Acc, Now},
                {false, {0, infinity}, -1}).

keyfolder(_Iterators,
            _KeyRange,
            {_AccFun, Acc, _Now}, 
            {_SegmentList, _LastModRange, MaxKeys}) when MaxKeys == 0 ->
    {0, Acc};
keyfolder({[], SSTiter}, KeyRange, {AccFun, Acc, Now}, 
                    {SegmentList, LastModRange, MaxKeys}) ->
    {StartKey, EndKey} = KeyRange,
    case find_nextkey(SSTiter, StartKey, EndKey, 
                        SegmentList, element(1, LastModRange)) of
        no_more_keys ->
            case MaxKeys > 0 of
                true ->
                    % This query had a max count, so we must respond with the
                    % remainder on the count
                    {MaxKeys, Acc};
                false ->
                    % This query started with a MaxKeys set to -1.  Query is 
                    % not interested in having MaxKeys in Response
                    Acc
            end;
        {NxSSTiter, {SSTKey, SSTVal}} ->
            {Acc1, MK1} = 
                maybe_accumulate(SSTKey, SSTVal,
                                    {Acc, AccFun, Now},
                                    MaxKeys, LastModRange),
            keyfolder({[], NxSSTiter}, 
                        KeyRange, 
                        {AccFun, Acc1, Now}, 
                        {SegmentList, LastModRange, MK1})
    end;
keyfolder({[{IMMKey, IMMVal}|NxIMMiterator], SSTiterator}, 
            KeyRange, 
            {AccFun, Acc, Now}, 
            {SegmentList, LastModRange, MaxKeys}) ->
    {StartKey, EndKey} = KeyRange,
    case {IMMKey < StartKey, leveled_codec:endkey_passed(EndKey, IMMKey)} of
        {false, true} ->
            % There are no more keys in-range in the in-memory
            % iterator, so take action as if this iterator is empty
            % (see above)
            keyfolder({[], SSTiterator},
                        KeyRange,
                        {AccFun, Acc, Now},
                        {SegmentList, LastModRange, MaxKeys});
        {false, false} ->
            case find_nextkey(SSTiterator, StartKey, EndKey,
                                SegmentList, element(1, LastModRange)) of
                no_more_keys ->
                    % No more keys in range in the persisted store, so use the
                    % in-memory KV as the next
                    {Acc1, MK1} = 
                        maybe_accumulate(IMMKey, IMMVal,
                                            {Acc, AccFun, Now},
                                            MaxKeys, LastModRange),
                    keyfolder({NxIMMiterator, 
                                    []},
                                KeyRange,
                                {AccFun, Acc1, Now},
                                {SegmentList, LastModRange, MK1});
                {NxSSTiterator, {SSTKey, SSTVal}} ->
                    % There is a next key, so need to know which is the
                    % next key between the two (and handle two keys
                    % with different sequence numbers).  
                    case leveled_codec:key_dominates({IMMKey,
                                                            IMMVal},
                                                        {SSTKey,
                                                            SSTVal}) of
                        left_hand_first ->
                            {Acc1, MK1} = 
                                maybe_accumulate(IMMKey, IMMVal,
                                                    {Acc, AccFun, Now},
                                                    MaxKeys, LastModRange),
                            % Stow the previous best result away at Level -1 
                            % so that there is no need to iterate to it again
                            NewEntry = {-1, [{SSTKey, SSTVal}]},
                            keyfolder({NxIMMiterator, 
                                            lists:keystore(-1, 
                                                            1, 
                                                            NxSSTiterator, 
                                                            NewEntry)},
                                        KeyRange,
                                        {AccFun, Acc1, Now},
                                        {SegmentList, LastModRange, MK1});
                        right_hand_first ->
                            {Acc1, MK1} = 
                                maybe_accumulate(SSTKey, SSTVal,
                                                    {Acc, AccFun, Now},
                                                    MaxKeys, LastModRange),
                            keyfolder({[{IMMKey, IMMVal}|NxIMMiterator],
                                            NxSSTiterator},
                                        KeyRange,
                                        {AccFun, Acc1, Now},
                                        {SegmentList, LastModRange, MK1});
                        left_hand_dominant ->
                            {Acc1, MK1} = 
                                maybe_accumulate(IMMKey, IMMVal,
                                                    {Acc, AccFun, Now},
                                                    MaxKeys, LastModRange),
                            % We can add to the accumulator here.  As the SST
                            % key was the most dominant across all SST levels,
                            % so there is no need to hold off until the IMMKey
                            % is left hand first.
                            keyfolder({NxIMMiterator, 
                                            NxSSTiterator},
                                        KeyRange,
                                        {AccFun, Acc1, Now},
                                        {SegmentList, LastModRange, MK1})
                    end
            end
    end.    

-spec maybe_accumulate(leveled_codec:ledger_key(),
                        leveled_codec:ledger_value(),
                        {any(), pclacc_fun(), pos_integer()},
                        integer(),
                        {non_neg_integer(), non_neg_integer()|infinity})
                    -> any().
%% @doc
%% Make an accumulation decision based one the date range
maybe_accumulate(LK, LV,
                    {Acc, AccFun, QueryStartTime},
                    MaxKeys,
                    {LowLastMod, HighLastMod}) ->
    {_SQN, _SH, LMD} = leveled_codec:strip_to_indexdetails({LK, LV}),
    RunAcc = 
        (LMD == undefined) or 
            ((LMD >= LowLastMod) and (LMD =< HighLastMod)),
    case RunAcc and leveled_codec:is_active(LK, LV, QueryStartTime) of
        true ->
            {AccFun(LK, LV, Acc), MaxKeys - 1};
        false ->
            {Acc, MaxKeys}
    end.


-spec find_nextkey(iterator(), 
                    leveled_codec:ledger_key(), leveled_codec:ledger_key()) ->
                        no_more_keys|{iterator(), leveled_codec:ledger_kv()}.
%% @doc
%% Looks to find the best choice for the next key across the levels (other
%% than in-memory table)
%% In finding the best choice, the next key in a given level may be a next
%% block or next file pointer which will need to be expanded

find_nextkey(QueryArray, StartKey, EndKey) ->
    find_nextkey(QueryArray, StartKey, EndKey, false, 0).

find_nextkey(QueryArray, StartKey, EndKey, SegmentList, LowLastMod) ->
    find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                    -1,
                    {null, null},
                    StartKey, EndKey,
                    SegmentList,
                    LowLastMod,
                    ?ITERATOR_SCANWIDTH).

find_nextkey(_QueryArray, LCnt, 
                {null, null}, 
                _StartKey, _EndKey, 
                _SegList, _LowLastMod, _Width) when LCnt > ?MAX_LEVELS ->
    % The array has been scanned wihtout finding a best key - must be
    % exhausted - respond to indicate no more keys to be found by the
    % iterator
    no_more_keys;
find_nextkey(QueryArray, LCnt, 
                {BKL, BestKV}, 
                _StartKey, _EndKey, 
                _SegList, _LowLastMod, _Width) when LCnt > ?MAX_LEVELS ->
    % All levels have been scanned, so need to remove the best result from
    % the array, and return that array along with the best key/sqn/status
    % combination
    {BKL, [BestKV|Tail]} = lists:keyfind(BKL, 1, QueryArray),
    {lists:keyreplace(BKL, 1, QueryArray, {BKL, Tail}), BestKV};
find_nextkey(QueryArray, LCnt, 
                {BestKeyLevel, BestKV}, 
                StartKey, EndKey, 
                SegList, LowLastMod, Width) ->
    % Get the next key at this level
    {NextKey, RestOfKeys} = 
        case lists:keyfind(LCnt, 1, QueryArray) of
            false ->
                {null, null};
            {LCnt, []} ->
                {null, null};
            {LCnt, [NK|ROfKs]} ->
                {NK, ROfKs}
        end,
    % Compare the next key at this level with the best key
    case {NextKey, BestKeyLevel, BestKV} of
        {null, BKL, BKV} ->
            % There is no key at this level - go to the next level
            find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                            LCnt + 1,
                            {BKL, BKV},
                            StartKey, EndKey, 
                            SegList, LowLastMod, Width);
        {{next, Owner, _SK}, BKL, BKV} ->
            % The first key at this level is pointer to a file - need to query
            % the file to expand this level out before proceeding
            Pointer = {next, Owner, StartKey, EndKey},
            UpdList = leveled_sst:sst_expandpointer(Pointer,
                                                        RestOfKeys,
                                                        Width,
                                                        SegList,
                                                        LowLastMod),
            NewEntry = {LCnt, UpdList},
            % Need to loop around at this level (LCnt) as we have not yet
            % examined a real key at this level
            find_nextkey(lists:keyreplace(LCnt, 1, QueryArray, NewEntry),
                            LCnt,
                            {BKL, BKV},
                            StartKey, EndKey, 
                            SegList, LowLastMod, Width);
        {{pointer, SSTPid, Slot, PSK, PEK}, BKL, BKV} ->
            % The first key at this level is pointer within a file  - need to
            % query the file to expand this level out before proceeding
            Pointer = {pointer, SSTPid, Slot, PSK, PEK},
            UpdList = leveled_sst:sst_expandpointer(Pointer,
                                                        RestOfKeys,
                                                        Width,
                                                        SegList,
                                                        LowLastMod),
            NewEntry = {LCnt, UpdList},
            % Need to loop around at this level (LCnt) as we have not yet
            % examined a real key at this level
            find_nextkey(lists:keyreplace(LCnt, 1, QueryArray, NewEntry),
                            LCnt,
                            {BKL, BKV},
                            StartKey, EndKey, 
                            SegList, LowLastMod, Width);
        {{Key, Val}, null, null} ->
            % No best key set - so can assume that this key is the best key,
            % and check the lower levels
            find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                            LCnt + 1,
                            {LCnt, {Key, Val}},
                            StartKey, EndKey, 
                            SegList, LowLastMod, Width);
        {{Key, Val}, _BKL, {BestKey, _BestVal}} when Key < BestKey ->
            % There is a real key and a best key to compare, and the real key
            % at this level is before the best key, and so is now the new best
            % key
            % The QueryArray is not modified until we have checked all levels
            find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                            LCnt + 1,
                            {LCnt, {Key, Val}},
                            StartKey, EndKey, 
                            SegList, LowLastMod, Width);
        {{Key, Val}, BKL, {BestKey, BestVal}} when Key == BestKey ->
            SQN = leveled_codec:strip_to_seqonly({Key, Val}),
            BestSQN = leveled_codec:strip_to_seqonly({BestKey, BestVal}),
            if
                SQN =< BestSQN ->
                    % This is a dominated key, so we need to skip over it
                    NewQArray = lists:keyreplace(LCnt, 
                                                    1, 
                                                    QueryArray, 
                                                    {LCnt, RestOfKeys}),
                    find_nextkey(NewQArray,
                                    LCnt + 1,
                                    {BKL, {BestKey, BestVal}},
                                    StartKey, EndKey, 
                                    SegList, LowLastMod, Width);
                SQN > BestSQN ->
                    % There is a real key at the front of this level and it has
                    % a higher SQN than the best key, so we should use this as
                    % the best key
                    % But we also need to remove the dominated key from the
                    % lower level in the query array
                    OldBestEntry = lists:keyfind(BKL, 1, QueryArray),
                    {BKL, [{BestKey, BestVal}|BestTail]} = OldBestEntry,
                    find_nextkey(lists:keyreplace(BKL,
                                                    1,
                                                    QueryArray,
                                                    {BKL, BestTail}),
                                    LCnt + 1,
                                    {LCnt, {Key, Val}},
                                    StartKey, EndKey, 
                                    SegList, LowLastMod, Width)
            end;
        {_, BKL, BKV} ->
            % This is not the best key
            find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                            LCnt + 1,
                            {BKL, BKV},
                            StartKey, EndKey, 
                            SegList, LowLastMod, Width)
    end.



%%%============================================================================
%%% Timing Functions
%%%============================================================================

-spec update_statetimings(pcl_timings(), integer()) 
                                            -> {pcl_timings(), integer()}.
%% @doc
%%
%% The timings state is either in countdown to the next set of samples of
%% we are actively collecting a sample.  Active collection take place 
%% when the countdown is 0.  Once the sample has reached the expected count
%% then there is a log of that sample, and the countdown is restarted.
%%
%% Outside of sample windows the timings object should be set to the atom
%% no_timing.  no_timing is a valid state for the pcl_timings type.
update_statetimings(no_timing, 0) ->
    {#pcl_timings{}, 0};
update_statetimings(Timings, 0) ->
    case Timings#pcl_timings.sample_count of 
        SC when SC >= ?TIMING_SAMPLESIZE ->
            log_timings(Timings),
            {no_timing, leveled_rand:uniform(2 * ?TIMING_SAMPLECOUNTDOWN)};
        _SC ->
            {Timings, 0}
    end;
update_statetimings(no_timing, N) ->
    {no_timing, N - 1}.

log_timings(Timings) ->
    leveled_log:log("P0032", [Timings#pcl_timings.sample_count, 
                                Timings#pcl_timings.foundmem_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found0_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found1_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found2_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found3_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.foundlower_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.missed_time,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.foundmem_count,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found0_count,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found1_count,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found2_count,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.found3_count,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.foundlower_count,
                                Timings#pcl_timings.missed_count]).

-spec update_timings(erlang:timestamp(), pcl_timings(), 
                        not_found|tuple(), integer()|basement) 
                                                    -> pcl_timings().
%% @doc
%%
%% update the timings record unless the current record object is the atom
%% no_timing.
update_timings(_SW, no_timing, _Result, _Stage) ->
    no_timing;
update_timings(SW, Timings, Result, Stage) ->
    Timer = timer:now_diff(os:timestamp(), SW),
    SC = Timings#pcl_timings.sample_count + 1,
    Timings0 = Timings#pcl_timings{sample_count = SC},
    case {Result, Stage} of
        {not_present, _} ->
            NFT = Timings#pcl_timings.missed_time + Timer,
            NFC = Timings#pcl_timings.missed_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{missed_time = NFT, missed_count = NFC};
        {_, memory} ->
            PMT = Timings#pcl_timings.foundmem_time + Timer,
            PMC = Timings#pcl_timings.foundmem_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{foundmem_time = PMT, foundmem_count = PMC};
        {_, 0} ->
            L0T = Timings#pcl_timings.found0_time + Timer,
            L0C = Timings#pcl_timings.found0_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{found0_time = L0T, found0_count = L0C};
        {_, 1} ->
            L1T = Timings#pcl_timings.found1_time + Timer,
            L1C = Timings#pcl_timings.found1_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{found1_time = L1T, found1_count = L1C};
        {_, 2} ->
            L2T = Timings#pcl_timings.found2_time + Timer,
            L2C = Timings#pcl_timings.found2_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{found2_time = L2T, found2_count = L2C};
        {_, 3} ->
            L3T = Timings#pcl_timings.found3_time + Timer,
            L3C = Timings#pcl_timings.found3_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{found3_time = L3T, found3_count = L3C};
        _ ->
            LLT = Timings#pcl_timings.foundlower_time + Timer,
            LLC = Timings#pcl_timings.foundlower_count + 1,
            Timings0#pcl_timings{foundlower_time = LLT, foundlower_count = LLC}
    end.


%%%============================================================================
%%% Test
%%%============================================================================

-ifdef(TEST).


generate_randomkeys({Count, StartSQN}) ->
    generate_randomkeys(Count, StartSQN, []).

generate_randomkeys(0, _SQN, Acc) ->
    lists:reverse(Acc);
generate_randomkeys(Count, SQN, Acc) ->
    K = {o,
            lists:concat(["Bucket", leveled_rand:uniform(1024)]),
            lists:concat(["Key", leveled_rand:uniform(1024)]),
            null},
    RandKey = {K,
                {SQN,
                {active, infinity},
                leveled_codec:segment_hash(K),
                null}},
    generate_randomkeys(Count - 1, SQN + 1, [RandKey|Acc]).
    

clean_testdir(RootPath) ->
    clean_subdir(sst_rootpath(RootPath)),
    clean_subdir(filename:join(RootPath, ?MANIFEST_FP)).

clean_subdir(DirPath) ->
    case filelib:is_dir(DirPath) of
        true ->
            {ok, Files} = file:list_dir(DirPath),
            lists:foreach(fun(FN) ->
                                File = filename:join(DirPath, FN),
                                ok = file:delete(File),
                                io:format("Success deleting ~s~n", [File])
                                end,
                            Files);
        false ->
            ok
    end.


maybe_pause_push(PCL, KL) ->
    T0 = [],
    I0 = leveled_pmem:new_index(),
    T1 = lists:foldl(fun({K, V}, {AccSL, AccIdx, MinSQN, MaxSQN}) ->
                            UpdSL = [{K, V}|AccSL],
                            SQN = leveled_codec:strip_to_seqonly({K, V}),
                            H = leveled_codec:segment_hash(K),
                            UpdIdx = leveled_pmem:prepare_for_index(AccIdx, H),
                            {UpdSL, UpdIdx, min(SQN, MinSQN), max(SQN, MaxSQN)}
                            end,
                        {T0, I0, infinity, 0},
                        KL),
    SL = element(1, T1),
    Tree = leveled_tree:from_orderedlist(lists:ukeysort(1, SL), ?CACHE_TYPE),
    T2 = setelement(1, T1, Tree),
    case pcl_pushmem(PCL, T2) of
        returned ->
            timer:sleep(50),
            maybe_pause_push(PCL, KL);
        ok ->
            ok
    end.

%% old test data doesn't have the magic hash
add_missing_hash({K, {SQN, ST, MD}}) ->
    {K, {SQN, ST, leveled_codec:segment_hash(K), MD}}.


archive_files_test() ->
    RootPath = "test/test_area/ledger",
    SSTPath = sst_rootpath(RootPath),
    ok = filelib:ensure_dir(SSTPath),
    ok = file:write_file(SSTPath ++ "/test1.sst", "hello_world"),
    ok = file:write_file(SSTPath ++ "/test2.sst", "hello_world"),
    ok = file:write_file(SSTPath ++ "/test3.bob", "hello_world"),
    UsedFiles = ["./test1.sst"],
    ok = archive_files(RootPath, UsedFiles),
    {ok, AllFiles} = file:list_dir(SSTPath),
    ?assertMatch(true, lists:member("test1.sst", AllFiles)),
    ?assertMatch(false, lists:member("test2.sst", AllFiles)),
    ?assertMatch(true, lists:member("test3.bob", AllFiles)),
    ?assertMatch(true, lists:member("test2.bak", AllFiles)),
    ok = clean_subdir(SSTPath).

shutdown_when_compact(Pid) ->
    FoldFun = 
        fun(_I, Ready) ->
            case Ready of 
                true -> 
                    true;
                false -> 
                    timer:sleep(200),
                    not pcl_checkforwork(Pid)
            end
        end,
    true = lists:foldl(FoldFun, false, lists:seq(1, 100)),
    io:format("No outstanding compaction work for ~w~n", [Pid]),
    pcl_close(Pid).

format_status_test() ->
    RootPath = "test/test_area/ledger",
    clean_testdir(RootPath),
    {ok, PCL} = 
        pcl_start(#penciller_options{root_path=RootPath,
                                        max_inmemory_tablesize=1000,
                                        sst_options=#sst_options{}}),
    {status, PCL, {module, gen_server}, SItemL} = sys:get_status(PCL),
    S = lists:keyfind(state, 1, lists:nth(5, SItemL)),
    true = is_integer(array:size(element(2, S#state.manifest))),
    ST = format_status(terminate, [dict:new(), S]),
    ?assertMatch(redacted, ST#state.manifest),
    ?assertMatch(redacted, ST#state.levelzero_cache),
    ?assertMatch(redacted, ST#state.levelzero_index),
    ?assertMatch(redacted, ST#state.levelzero_astree),
    clean_testdir(RootPath).

simple_server_test() ->
    RootPath = "test/test_area/ledger",
    clean_testdir(RootPath),
    {ok, PCL} = 
        pcl_start(#penciller_options{root_path=RootPath,
                                        max_inmemory_tablesize=1000,
                                        sst_options=#sst_options{}}),
    Key1_Pre = {{o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null},
                    {1, {active, infinity}, null}},
    Key1 = add_missing_hash(Key1_Pre),
    KL1 = generate_randomkeys({1000, 2}),
    Key2_Pre = {{o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null},
                {1002, {active, infinity}, null}},
    Key2 = add_missing_hash(Key2_Pre),
    KL2 = generate_randomkeys({900, 1003}),
    % Keep below the max table size by having 900 not 1000
    Key3_Pre = {{o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null},
                {2003, {active, infinity}, null}},
    Key3 = add_missing_hash(Key3_Pre),
    KL3 = generate_randomkeys({1000, 2004}), 
    Key4_Pre = {{o,"Bucket0004", "Key0004", null},
                {3004, {active, infinity}, null}},
    Key4 = add_missing_hash(Key4_Pre),
    KL4 = generate_randomkeys({1000, 3005}),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCL, [Key1]),
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCL, KL1),
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCL, [Key2]),
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key2, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null})),
    
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCL, KL2),
    ?assertMatch(Key2, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null})),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCL, [Key3]),
    
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key2, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key3, pcl_fetch(PCL, {o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null})),
    
    true = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCL, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null}),
    true = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCL, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null}),
    true = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCL, {o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null}),
    false = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCL, {o,"Bucket9999", "Key9999", null}),
    
    ok = shutdown_when_compact(PCL),

    {ok, PCLr} = 
        pcl_start(#penciller_options{root_path=RootPath,
                                        max_inmemory_tablesize=1000,
                                        sst_options=#sst_options{}}),
    ?assertMatch(2003, pcl_getstartupsequencenumber(PCLr)),
    % ok = maybe_pause_push(PCLr, [Key2] ++ KL2 ++ [Key3]),
    true = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null}),
    true = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null}),
    true = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null}),
    false = pcl_checkbloomtest(PCLr, {o,"Bucket9999", "Key9999", null}),
    
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key2, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key3, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null})),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCLr, KL3),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCLr, [Key4]),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCLr, KL4),
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key2, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key3, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key4, pcl_fetch(PCLr, {o,"Bucket0004", "Key0004", null})),
    
    {ok, PclSnap, null, _} = 
        leveled_bookie:snapshot_store(leveled_bookie:empty_ledgercache(),
                                        PCLr,
                                        null,
                                        ledger,
                                        undefined,
                                        false),           
    
    ?assertMatch(Key1, pcl_fetch(PclSnap, {o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key2, pcl_fetch(PclSnap, {o,"Bucket0002", "Key0002", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key3, pcl_fetch(PclSnap, {o,"Bucket0003", "Key0003", null})),
    ?assertMatch(Key4, pcl_fetch(PclSnap, {o,"Bucket0004", "Key0004", null})),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0001",
                                                    "Key0001",
                                                    null},
                                                1)),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0002",
                                                    "Key0002",
                                                    null},
                                                1002)),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0003",
                                                    "Key0003",
                                                    null},
                                                2003)),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0004",
                                                    "Key0004",
                                                    null},
                                                3004)),

    % Add some more keys and confirm that check sequence number still
    % sees the old version in the previous snapshot, but will see the new 
    % version in a new snapshot
    
    Key1A_Pre = {{o,"Bucket0001", "Key0001", null},
                    {4005, {active, infinity}, null}},
    Key1A = add_missing_hash(Key1A_Pre),
    KL1A = generate_randomkeys({2000, 4006}),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCLr, [Key1A]),
    ok = maybe_pause_push(PCLr, KL1A),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0001",
                                                    "Key0001",
                                                    null},
                                                1)),
    ok = pcl_close(PclSnap),
     
    {ok, PclSnap2, null, _} = 
        leveled_bookie:snapshot_store(leveled_bookie:empty_ledgercache(),
                                        PCLr,
                                        null,
                                        ledger,
                                        undefined,
                                        false),
    
    ?assertMatch(replaced, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap2,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0001",
                                                    "Key0001",
                                                    null},
                                                1)),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap2,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0001",
                                                    "Key0001",
                                                    null},
                                                4005)),
    ?assertMatch(current, pcl_checksequencenumber(PclSnap2,
                                                {o,
                                                    "Bucket0002",
                                                    "Key0002",
                                                    null},
                                                1002)),
    ok = pcl_close(PclSnap2),
    ok = pcl_close(PCLr),
    clean_testdir(RootPath).


simple_findnextkey_test() ->
    QueryArray = [
    {2, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, {5, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
        {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, {4, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]},
    {3, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, {3, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]},
    {5, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key2", null}, {2, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]}
    ],
    {Array2, KV1} = find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, 
                        {5, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV1),
    {Array3, KV2} = find_nextkey(Array2,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key2", null}, 
                        {2, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV2),
    {Array4, KV3} = find_nextkey(Array3,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, 
                        {3, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV3),
    {Array5, KV4} = find_nextkey(Array4,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, 
                        {4, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV4),
    ER = find_nextkey(Array5,
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch(no_more_keys, ER).

sqnoverlap_findnextkey_test() ->
    QueryArray = [
    {2, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, {5, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
        {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, {4, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]},
    {3, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, {3, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]},
    {5, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, {2, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]}
    ],
    {Array2, KV1} = find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, 
                        {5, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV1),
    {Array3, KV2} = find_nextkey(Array2,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, 
                        {3, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV2),
    {Array4, KV3} = find_nextkey(Array3,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, 
                        {4, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV3),
    ER = find_nextkey(Array4,
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch(no_more_keys, ER).

sqnoverlap_otherway_findnextkey_test() ->
    QueryArray = [
    {2, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, {5, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
        {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, {1, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]},
    {3, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, {3, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]},
    {5, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, {2, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}}]}
    ],
    {Array2, KV1} = find_nextkey(QueryArray,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null},
                        {5, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV1),
    {Array3, KV2} = find_nextkey(Array2,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null},
                        {3, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV2),
    {Array4, KV3} = find_nextkey(Array3,
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch({{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null},
                        {2, {active, infinity}, {0, 0}, null}},
                    KV3),
    ER = find_nextkey(Array4,
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key0", null},
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}),
    ?assertMatch(no_more_keys, ER).

foldwithimm_simple_test() ->
    Now = leveled_util:integer_now(),
    QueryArray = [
        {2, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null},
                    {5, {active, infinity}, 0, null}},
                {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null},
                    {1, {active, infinity}, 0, null}}]},
        {3, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null},
                {3, {active, infinity}, 0, null}}]},
        {5, [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null},
                {2, {active, infinity}, 0, null}}]}
    ],
    KL1A = [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key6", null}, {7, {active, infinity}, 0, null}},
            {{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, {8, {active, infinity}, 0, null}},
            {{o, "Bucket1", "Key8", null}, {9, {active, infinity}, 0, null}}],
    IMM2 = leveled_tree:from_orderedlist(lists:ukeysort(1, KL1A), ?CACHE_TYPE),
    IMMiter = leveled_tree:match_range({o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null},
                                        {o, null, null, null},
                                        IMM2),
    AccFun = fun(K, V, Acc) -> SQN = leveled_codec:strip_to_seqonly({K, V}),
                                Acc ++ [{K, SQN}] end,
    Acc = keyfolder(IMMiter,
                    QueryArray,
                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, {o, "Bucket1", "Key6", null},
                    {AccFun, [], Now}),
    ?assertMatch([{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, 8},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, 3},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, 2},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key6", null}, 7}], Acc),
    
    IMMiterA = [{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null},
                    {8, {active, infinity}, 0, null}}],
    AccA = keyfolder(IMMiterA,
                        QueryArray,
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, 
                        {o, "Bucket1", "Key6", null},
                        {AccFun, [], Now}),
    ?assertMatch([{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, 8},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, 3},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, 2}], AccA),
    
    AddKV = {{o, "Bucket1", "Key4", null}, {10, {active, infinity}, 0, null}},
    KL1B = [AddKV|KL1A],
    IMM3 = leveled_tree:from_orderedlist(lists:ukeysort(1, KL1B), ?CACHE_TYPE),
    IMMiterB = leveled_tree:match_range({o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null},
                                        {o, null, null, null},
                                        IMM3),
    io:format("Compare IMM3 with QueryArrary~n"),
    AccB = keyfolder(IMMiterB,
                    QueryArray,
                    {o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, {o, "Bucket1", "Key6", null},
                    {AccFun, [], Now}),
    ?assertMatch([{{o, "Bucket1", "Key1", null}, 8},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key3", null}, 3},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key4", null}, 10},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key5", null}, 2},
                    {{o, "Bucket1", "Key6", null}, 7}], AccB).

create_file_test() ->
    {RP, Filename} = {"test/test_area/", "new_file.sst"},
    ok = file:write_file(filename:join(RP, Filename), term_to_binary("hello")),
    KVL = lists:usort(generate_randomkeys({50000, 0})),
    Tree = leveled_tree:from_orderedlist(KVL, ?CACHE_TYPE),
    
    {ok, SP, noreply} = 
        leveled_sst:sst_newlevelzero(RP,
                                        Filename,
                                        1,
                                        [Tree],
                                        undefined,
                                        50000,
                                        #sst_options{press_method = native}),
    {ok, SrcFN, StartKey, EndKey} = leveled_sst:sst_checkready(SP),
    io:format("StartKey ~w EndKey ~w~n", [StartKey, EndKey]),
    ?assertMatch({o, _, _, _}, StartKey),
    ?assertMatch({o, _, _, _}, EndKey),
    ?assertMatch("./new_file.sst", SrcFN),
    ok = leveled_sst:sst_clear(SP),
    {ok, Bin} = file:read_file("test/test_area/new_file.sst.discarded"),
    ?assertMatch("hello", binary_to_term(Bin)).

slow_fetch_test() ->
    ?assertMatch(not_present, log_slowfetch(2, not_present, "fake", 0, 1)),
    ?assertMatch("value", log_slowfetch(2, "value", "fake", 0, 1)).

timings_test() ->
    SW = os:timestamp(),
    timer:sleep(1),
    T0 = update_timings(SW, #pcl_timings{}, {"K", "V"}, 2),
    timer:sleep(1),
    T1 = update_timings(SW, T0, {"K", "V"}, 3),
    T2 = update_timings(SW, T1, {"K", "V"}, basement),
    ?assertMatch(3, T2#pcl_timings.sample_count),
    ?assertMatch(true, T2#pcl_timings.foundlower_time > T2#pcl_timings.found2_time),
    ?assertMatch(1, T2#pcl_timings.found2_count),
    ?assertMatch(1, T2#pcl_timings.found3_count),
    ?assertMatch(1, T2#pcl_timings.foundlower_count).    


coverage_cheat_test() ->
    {noreply, _State0} = handle_info(timeout, #state{}),
    {ok, _State1} = code_change(null, #state{}, null).

handle_down_test() ->
    RootPath = "test/test_area/ledger",
    clean_testdir(RootPath),
    {ok, PCLr} = 
        pcl_start(#penciller_options{root_path=RootPath,
                                        max_inmemory_tablesize=1000,
                                        sst_options=#sst_options{}}),
    FakeBookie = spawn(fun loop/0),

    Mon = erlang:monitor(process, FakeBookie),

    FakeBookie ! {snap, PCLr, self()},

    {ok, PclSnap, null} =
        receive
            {FakeBookie, {ok, Snap, null}} ->
                {ok, Snap, null}
        end,
    
    CheckSnapDiesFun =
        fun(_X, IsDead) ->
            case IsDead of
                true ->
                    true;
                false ->
                    case erlang:process_info(PclSnap) of
                        undefined ->
                            true;
                        _ ->
                            timer:sleep(100),
                            false
                    end
            end
        end,
    ?assertNot(lists:foldl(CheckSnapDiesFun, false, [1, 2])),

    FakeBookie ! stop,

    receive
        {'DOWN', Mon, process, FakeBookie, normal} ->
            %% Now we know that pclr should have received this too!
            %% (better than timer:sleep/1)
            ok
    end,

    ?assert(lists:foldl(CheckSnapDiesFun, false, lists:seq(1, 10))),

    pcl_close(PCLr),
    clean_testdir(RootPath).


%% the fake bookie. Some calls to leveled_bookie (like the two below)
%% do not go via the gen_server (but it looks like they expect to be
%% called by the gen_server, internally!) they use "self()" to
%% populate the bookie's pid in the pclr. This process wrapping the
%% calls ensures that the TEST controls the bookie's Pid. The
%% FakeBookie.
loop() ->
    receive
        {snap, PCLr, TestPid} ->
            {ok, Snap, null, _Timings} =
                leveled_bookie:snapshot_store(
                    leveled_bookie:empty_ledgercache(),
                    PCLr, null, ledger, undefined, false),
            TestPid ! {self(), {ok, Snap, null}},
            loop();
        stop ->
            ok
    end.

-endif.